Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology
Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology is an open access, peer-reviewed publication series published by Darcy & Roy Press. It aims to publish conference proceedings dealing with all areas of science, engineering and technology.
Analysis and Comparative Study of Mainstream Modulation Methods in Optical Communications
Optical communication is the core infrastructure underpinning next-generation information technologies including 5G/6G, cloud computing and big data. As the critical link for electro-optical signal conversion in optical communication systems, modulation technology directly determines the system’s transmission rate, capacity and overall cost, and drives the iterative evolution of optical communication systems from 10 Gigabit per second (Gbit/s) to 400 Gbit/s, 800 Gbit/s, and even beyond 1 Terabit per second (Tbit/s). Currently, the optical communication modulation sector features a coexistence of four technical generations. Divergences remain between academia and industry on technical path selection and other core issues, while key bottlenecks like high-order nonlinearity suppression are unbroken, and existing research lacks a systematic review of the field’s technological evolution and core contradictions. Taking modulation technology’s intergenerational evolution as the main line, this paper sorts out the four generations’ core features, analyzes core industry debates, identifies unresolved technical bottlenecks and forecasts development directions. It clarifies the technology’s development context and core contradictions, defines breakthrough directions for ultra-high-speed heterogeneous scenarios, and provides systematic reference and theoretical support for related research, engineering application and industrial deployment.
Optical communication, Modulation technology, Technology evolution, Performance optimization, Heterogeneous networks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Winter Performance of Electric Vehicles in Canada: A Life Cycle Assessment of GHG Emissions Under Canadian Climate Conditions
Although Battery Electric Vehicles (EVs) will be a part of the reduction plan for transport emissions in Canada, their cold-weather driving performance has raised questions about whether they are still more environmentally friendly than traditional gasoline and diesel cars in Canada's colder regions. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for a representative mid-sized electric vehicle (EV) and a mid-sized gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle is presented here, which considers both embodied manufacturing emissions and operational emissions under a winter efficiency penalty calibrated using real-world Canadian data. Three typical provinces have been selected for analysis to represent the full range of grid carbon intensity in Canada (Quebec, Ontario, and Alberta). The two seasonal scenarios are an all-winter worst-case and a four-season blended case. The ecological breakeven distances in Quebec and Ontario are about 46,100-51,900 km, and in Alberta, due to different emission factors of the provincial grids, they reach as high as 166,100-212,900 km. The EV's ecological advantage is available in all three provinces but is not yet realised in the high-carbon grid areas. A ±30% sensitivity analysis shows that the provincial electricity emission factor and battery carbon intensity are the main uncertainty drivers. The results support the deployment of electric vehicles as a national climate strategy and indicate that grid decarbonisation in high-carbon grid provinces, such as Alberta, is also required to complement this.
Electric vehicle, Life Cycle Assessment, greenhouse gas emissions, cold-weather efficiency, Canada, grid decarbonisation.
Simulation and Research on Self-Healing Control Technology of Single Radiative Distribution Network Based on Multisim
Because of the national “dual carbon” goals and the growing penetration of high - proportion renewable energy, the topology of distribution networks has become more complex and failures occur more frequently, so the traditional model based on “manual inspection and on-site rush repair” cannot adequately meet the needs of self - healing operations in smart grids. Therefore, this paper studies a single radial distribution network and proposes a relevant solution. the paper gives a very clear treatment of its self-healing control technology: first it explains the logical structure of the “perception - decision - execution” closed-loop control framework, together with the fundamental theories of fault detection, localization, isolation, and power supply restoration, and then proceeds naturally to build a simplified simulation model in Multisim to simulate the whole process from “normal operation” to fault trigger. the paper first introduces the “fault isolation - power supply restoration” method, proves its technical feasibility, then points out the existing problem of the shortage of intelligent devices, and accordingly proposes effective optimization strategies. Therefore, it provides clear, solid reference for the engineering implementation of distribution network automation upgrading and self-healing control technologies.
Dual Carbon Goals, High-proportion Renewable Energy, Distribution Network.
FDTD Simulation Optimization for Metal Targets in Rough Media Backgrounds Based on Radar Detection
In the simulation of electromagnetic scattering from a rough medium interface and a metal target by the finite difference time domain method, the traditional fixed-width window function is easy to produce false reflection and attenuate the effective signal when cutting off the boundary. This research utilized a 3GHz Gaussian-modulated sine pulse as the incident wave, a <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0.5λ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 2.5pt; mso-text-raise: -2.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> ideal conductor metal cylinder as the target, and a <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>σ</m:r><m:r>=0.3</m:r><m:r>λ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 2.5pt; mso-text-raise: -2.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Gaussian-type rough medium interface as the background to verify a window function plan with adaptive width adjustment according to roughness. The truncation effects of Gaussian window, Hanning window and adaptive window are compared and analyzed. The research results show that the adaptive window function can effectively solve the adaptability defect of the traditional fixed window, improve the physical authenticity of the scattering field distribution of metal targets in the rough medium background in FDTD simulation, and provide a better truncation boundary processing scheme for electromagnetic scattering simulation of radar detection scenes.
Finite-difference time domain, adaptive window function, hann window, gaussian window, rough medium interface.
Current Status and Prospects of New Energy Power Generation Technologies from the Perspective of Economic and Environmental Benefits
Driven by the global energy structure transformation and the “Dual Carbon” goals, new energy power generation technologies have become a core method to address the depletion of traditional fossil energy and alleviate environmental pollution. Researchers have found that new energy power generation, with its advantages of cleanness, low carbon and dispersed distribution, is gradually becoming a key element in constructing a new energy system. However, it still faces challenges such as unbalanced regional development and insufficient supporting energy storage facilities. This paper sorts out the current development status and core characteristics of mainstream new energy power generation technologies and discusses them from both economic and environmental perspectives. It analyzes the reasons why new energy power generation technologies can cut down power generation costs, evaluates and forecasts their economic performance, and expounds on their carbon emission reduction benefits and ecological impacts. This research holds significant theoretical value and practical relevance for optimizing the energy structure, promoting sustainable development, and providing decision-making references for the green transformation of the energy sector.
New Energy Power Generation Technologies, Economic Benefits, Environmental Benefits, Dual Carbon Goals, Energy Structure Transformation
Smartphone Battery Remaining Runtime Prediction Model Based on Particle Filtering and Monte Carlo Simulation
This paper proposes a closed-loop electro-thermal coupling modeling method for predicting the remaining battery life of smartphones. The method maps the screen, processor, network, GPS, and background tasks to system power consumption, and combines a second-order Thevenin equivalent circuit, dynamic SOC updates, effective capacity correction, and a first-order thermal model to characterize the feedback relationships among power consumption, current, voltage, temperature, and capacity degradation. Building on this foundation, a particle filter is introduced to perform individualized calibration of key parameters, a semi-Markov process is used to generate typical load sequences, and Monte Carlo simulations are employed to obtain the TTE distribution, confidence intervals, and the risk of premature shutdown. Validation results indicate that the model can adapt to different loads, temperatures, and battery aging states, providing a universally applicable modeling framework for battery state assessment and runtime prediction in mobile devices.
Monte Carlo Simulation, Semi-Markov Process, Second-Order Thevenin Model.
Volatility Control Strategy for Renewable Energy-Based PEM Electrolysis Hydrogen Production System Coupled with Power Grid
This paper studies the volatility control of a renewable energy-based PEM electrolysis hydrogen production system coupled with the power grid. First, the characteristics and sources of volatility in the coupled system are analyzed, and a renewable energy output volatility coefficient model, a PEM electrolyzer dynamic response model, and a system power balance model are constructed. Then, a hierarchical-composite control strategy covering medium-to-long-term, short-term, and real-time timescales is designed. A multi-constraint optimization model is constructed with the core objectives of maximizing renewable energy absorption, minimizing grid volatility, and maximizing hydrogen production efficiency. The optimal control parameters are solved using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, a simulation platform is built based on MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the strategy under different volatility intensities. The study shows that the proposed control strategy can significantly reduce the voltage/frequency volatility of the power grid, decrease volatility transmission efficiency by 40%-70%, increase renewable energy absorption by 6%-15%, and stabilize hydrogen production efficiency at 78%-82%, effectively ensuring the stable operation of the coupled system and providing technical support for the efficient coupling of renewable energy and the power grid.
Renewable Energy, PEM Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production, Grid Coupling, Volatility Control, Multi-Objective Optimization.
Solid-State Batteries — Can They Really Change the Game for Electric Vehicles?
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly common on roads worldwide. However, consumer hesitation persists, often centered on concerns about driving range, charging duration, and battery safety. These issues are fundamentally linked to the battery technology currently in use. Most EVs rely on lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes. An emerging alternative—solid-state batteries—replaces the liquid with a solid material. This paper provides an accessible yet technically grounded examination of solid-state battery technology, comparing it with conventional systems, evaluating its claimed advantages, and identifying the remaining obstacles to commercialization. The central argument is that while solid-state batteries hold genuine potential to transform the EV market, significant technical and manufacturing challenges mean that widespread adoption remains several years away.
Solid-state batteries, electric vehicles (EVs), lithium-ion batteries, solid electrolytes, lithium metal anodes, energy density, thermal runaway, battery manufacturing.
Research on the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Fault Diagnosis of Power Systems
With the large-scale integration of new energy into power systems, the intermittency and volatility caused by the high penetration of renewable energy generation (such as wind power and photovoltaic power) require diagnostic systems to possess strong uncertainty-handling capabilities. Consequently, the complexity and uncertainty of power grid operation have increased significantly, posing unprecedented challenges to the safe, stable and economic operation of the power system. The traditional fault diagnosis and handling methods, which are based on fixed models and manual experience, can no longer adapt to the dynamic and complex operating characteristics of the new energy power grid, making it urgent to explore intelligent technical solutions. Traditional power grid fault diagnosis approaches rely mainly on expert experience and physical models. Model-based methods locate faults through state estimation and power flow calculation, whose accuracy heavily depends on model precision and parameter identification. However, under complex operating conditions such as high new energy penetration, grid topology changes, and frequent fluctuations in power supply and demand, establishing an accurate mathematical model that can cover all operating scenarios is extremely challenging—model mismatches often occur, leading to reduced fault diagnosis accuracy. Expert systems, on the other hand, integrate the operational experience of power grid engineers into rule bases, offering transparent reasoning processes that are easy to understand and verify. Yet, they suffer from inherent limitations: knowledge acquisition is time-consuming and labor-intensive, it is difficult to update rules in a timely manner with the iteration of grid technology, and they lack self-learning ability, making it impossible to adapt to new fault types and complex operating environments brought by new energy integration. When dealing with massive real-time data generated by the power grid (including new energy output data, load data, equipment monitoring data, and environmental data) and complex system environments, the following prominent problems frequently arise, which further restrict the efficiency and reliability of power grid operation and fault handling.
Intelligent Fault Diagnosis, Renewable Energy Grid, Power System Operation.
Thermal Management Strategies for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles are now becoming more and more common, rapidly replacing traditional fuel cars. Lithium-ion batteries, as the main power source of electric vehicles, have become the most important part of energy storage technology. However, the performance, safety, and lifespan of these batteries are critically dependent on effective thermal management. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of thermal management strategies for EV batteries. Four primary cooling approaches are reviewed—air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change material cooling, and hybrid systems. Currently, liquid cooling is the mainstream solution to cool the battery because of its superior heat dissipation efficiency and technical maturity. In the future, emerging technologies including refrigerant direct cooling and thermoelectric hybrid systems which are safer, more efficient and longer-lasting are likely to become dominant.
Lithium-ion batteries, Electric vehicles, Battery thermal management system (BTMS), Thermal management, Cooling strategies, Liquid cooling, Hybrid cooling.
Interface Barrier Technologies in Advanced Semiconductor Interconnect Metals and Their Reliability Impact: The Evolution from Cu to Co/Ru
In the sub-10 nm regime of interconnect, as the dimensions between the backends are becoming smaller, a coupled electrical, reliability, and manufacturability crisis is experienced with the traditional Cu/low-k dual-damascene platform, which is based on a Ta/TaN barrier, a liner stack and a Cu conductor. It is not only the resistivity size effect of Cu alone that functions as a bottleneck, but also the harsh loss of effective conducting cross-section to high-resistivity barrier/liner layers, the reinforcement of interface scattering, and the attendant increase in risks of electromigration, time-dependent dielectric breakdown and thermomechanical failure. This paper reviews the evolution of interface barrier technologies in advanced interconnects, examines the scaling limits of the conventional Cu/Ta (TaN) scheme, and analyzes representative routes including Co-W, Ru-Ta, atomically thin 2D materials, graphene encapsulation, Co-Ti single barrier/liner layers, Ru-Zn self-forming barriers, and Ru semi-damascene integration. The central argument is that the competition in advanced interconnects has shifted from simply identifying the metal with the lowest bulk resistivity to co-designing low-size-effect metals, ultrathin functional interfaces, and new integration architectures to minimize effective line resistance while maximizing reliability. Interface barriers are therefore no longer passive diffusion blockers; they are the functional layers that will decide whether post-Cu interconnect technologies can be industrialized.
advanced interconnects, diffusion barriers, cobalt interconnects, ruthenium interconnects, electromigration, TDDB, semi-damascene.
Soft Hair, Memory, and the Quantum Structure of Black-Hole Horizonsxt
This paper studies the theoretical foundations and observational prospects of soft hair and gravitational memory related to the quantum structure of black-hole horizons. It starts by putting the black-hole information paradox with its historical context, which outlines how classical general relativity and quantum mechanics rises to bright contradictions regarding unitarity and information conversation. Against this backdrop, the concept of soft hair, which is low energy excitations associated with asymptotic symmetries, emerges as a potential means of including and taking back information otherwise between soft theorems. The Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS) symmetries, for example, highlights how these ideas manage to keep semiclassical gravity with quantum principles related logically. This study also solves observational solutions, especially how gravitational-wave astronomy could probe memory effects and horizon dynamics. Lastest detectors such as LIGO, Virgo, and NANOGrav makes linking theoretical predictions about soft modes to measurable signals achievable, which means it is possible to transform questions of principle into matter of empirical science. At last, this paper highlights the wider significance of soft hair and gravitational memory in shaping contemporary debates on the quantum science of spacetime by integrating theoretical arguments, historical development, and emerging data.
Black-hole information paradox, Gravitational memory effect, Hawking radiation, No-hair theorem.
Research on the Spectral Variation of the Black Hole X-ray Binaries with the Monte Carlo Simulation
This study investigates the spectral variation of black hole X-ray binaries using Monte Carlo Simulations for different spatial distributions of cold gas clouds in hot accretion flows. The variation of inhomogeneous accretion flow can be described with different physical parameters, including temperature gradients, optical depth, cloud coverage, and reflection efficiency. The results indicate that higher optical depth enhances photon scattering, significantly increasing the cooling rate and producing denser cold cloud distributions. Systems with temperature gradients exhibit higher cooling rates in the inner regions, where hot gas transitions into cold clouds more efficiently. Additionally, greater cloud coverage and reflection efficiency lead to widespread and uniform cold cloud formation across larger areas. The findings demonstrate that both local physical conditions and global cloud configurations play crucial roles in the state transition process of black hole X-ray binaries.
Monte Carlo Simulations, Black Hole, X-ray binaries, cold cloud formation.
Preface: 4th International Conference on Physical Science, Electrical Technology and Energy (PSETE 2026)
It is our great pleasure to announce that the 2026 4th International Conference on Physical Science, Electrical Technology and Energy (PSETE 2026) was successfully held on June 13-14, 2026, in Brisbane, Australia. We are delighted to welcome you to the attractive city. This conference addresses diverse topics related to recent trends and progress made in the fields of advanced physical science, applied physics, electrical technology, and energy systems. PSETE 2026 provided a suitable environment and opportunity to discuss new research and engineering achievements on more flexible, robust, sophisticated, and predictive solutions for the existing and coming problems and challenges. PSETE 2026 facilitated the participants from all over the world to meet face to face, and to open chances in establishing connection and collaboration among them. It was not only for the researchers in academics, but also in industries and governments. This conference became an effective media to link the researchers from many parts of the world, for exchanging, sharing, following up and discussing the results of the latest researches, industry’s needs, and government regulatory policies. In the PSETE 2026, there were 3 invited speakers. The conference committee would like to thank all the participants, speakers, reviewers, and their respected institution that have supported for the success of this conference. Conference Committee of PSETE Brisbane, Australia
The Relationship Between the Molecular Structure of Surfactants and Their Efficiency in Enhancing Cleanability and Biocompatibility in Skincare Products
Surfactant molecular architecture—head-group charge/size, alkyl chain length/branching, and ethoxylation degree—dictates interfacial behavior and skin compatibility. We systematically reviewed studies (2015–2025; PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect) comparing anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, nonionic, and biosurfactants in cosmetic-relevant systems. Evidence shows (i) cleansing efficacy scales with packing parameter and critical micelle concentration (CMC), while irritation correlates with protein denaturation indices and transepidermal water loss (TEWL); (ii) anionics with C_12–C_14 chains and high zein values cleanse efficiently but raise irritation risk; (iii) amphoterics (e.g., CAPB) and nonionics (e.g., Laureth-23, APGs) reduce TEWL increase by 20–40% versus SLS at matched soil removal; (iv) biosurfactants offer superior biodegradability but face cost and batch-to-batch variability. We outline structure-guided formulation rules—optimized HLB (10–14) and mixed micelles with amphoterics—to balance cleansing and dermatological compatibility.
Surfactants, Molecular Structure, Interfacial Tension, Cosmetic Science, Biosurfactants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study on Catalysts and Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for enhancing properties
Currently, proton exchange membrane fuel cells are a highly efficient clean energy conversion technology, and their performance optimisation depends on the synergistic innovation of catalysts and bipolar plates. This paper systematically studies strategies for enhancing the activity of non-platinum catalysts and the synergistic optimisation mechanism of bipolar plate flow field and materials. The design of atomically dispersed Fe-N-C sites, heteroatom doping, and the construction of porous carbon carriers to create high-density active centres significantly enhance the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction. The Fe-N-C system can achieve a half-wave potential of 0.78–0.92 V in acidic media, and its peak power density is 890 mW/cm², approaching the level of commercial Pt/C. The new square baffle channel and symmetrical serpentine flow field can increase power density by 12.1–22.9%, while the metal foam structure reduces reactant consumption by 30%. CrAlCN and TiZrC coatings reduce interfacial contact resistance to 1.60 mΩ·cm², achieve corrosion current density at the 10-8 A·cm-2 level, and attain a water contact angle of 121.7°±1.0°. Research indicates that regulating the electronic state of non-platinum catalyst active sites and optimising mass transfer and electrical conductivity in bipolar plates are important to overcoming performance bottlenecks in PEMFCs, providing theoretical support and engineering pathways for low-platinum fuel cell technology.
PEMFC, Non-platinum catalysts, Bipolar plate optimization, Flow field configuration.
Optimization of Gas Hydrate Well Placement Based on K-Means Cluster Analysis and Genetic Algorithm
Natural gas hydrate, also known as "combustible ice", is an efficient and clean backup energy source. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive quantitative assessment of natural gas hydrate resources in a sea area, and to propose a site selection plan for additional wells. Firstly, this paper obtains the geological data of 14 exploration wells in this sea area, establishes a K-means clustering model, and derives the clustering of well data into three different regions, and the distribution range of natural gas hydrate is obtained by calculating the location of the center of each cluster. Secondly, combined with GIS tools, spatial interpolation analysis was carried out to generate the spatial distribution map of each parameter (effective thickness, porosity, hydrate saturation) in the study area. Finally, this study proposed to add five more wells in the region, and the optimal spatial coordinates of the five well locations were obtained by constructing a multi-objective optimization model using a genetic algorithm. This study creatively proposes a dual-stage optimization model integrating K-means clustering and genetic algorithms, which not only addresses the gap in comprehensive decision-making frameworks but also enhances exploration accuracy in complex marine environments and promotes the commercialization development process.
Exploration wells, well placement optimization, K-means clustering, genetic algorithm.
Functional Analysis of Fvcry1 Reveals the Mechanism of Blue Light in Regulating Vegetative-Reproductive Growth Balance of Strawberry
Strawberry is an ideal crop for vertical farming due to its tiny size and high commercial value of fruit. Even though the LED has been widely used as artificial light resource for cultivation of strawberry in vertical farm. The molecular mechanism of blue light spectrums regulating development of strawberry remain to be elucidated. There are two light receptors, including FvCRY1 and FvCRY2, initiate blue light signal in strawberry. To reveal the mechanism of blue light in regulating vegetative-reproductive growth balance of strawberry. We utilized the RNAi method to knock down the expression level of FvCRY1 in wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca ‘Fin56’). The phenotype of RNAi lines comparing the wild type lines was performed. The vegetative growth was significantly promoted displaying an increasing numbers and lengths of stolons in RNAi lines. The B-box transcription factors (BBX) play important roles in light signal transduction and regulation of flowering time. We further analyzed the gene expression of FvBBXs in RNAi lines using qRT-PCR. The FvCO, which has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator in vegetative-reproductive growth balance, was significant repressed in gene expression level. Besides, two new BBX genes, including FvBBX19a and FvBBX28c, were promoted in RNA lines. Collectively, our results shed light on the role of blue light signaling mediated by FvCRY1 in regulating the balance of vegetative-reproductive growth in strawberry.
Blue light, B-box proteins, Cryptochromes, Flowering time, Photobiology, Strawberry, Vegetative-Reproductive Growth Balance.
Research Progress on the Application of Biochar in Adsorbing Organic Pollutants from Wastewater
With the rapid development of industrial activities, the amount of organic pollutants in wastewater has increased significantly. These pollutants have a profoundly detrimental impact on both the environment and human health. Biochar has shown great potential in removing organic pollutants because of its porous structure and active surface groups. This paper reviews the main methods for preparing biochar, the ways to improve its properties, the mechanisms behind the adsorption process, and its application in treating polluted water. The future development of biochar in this field is also discussed.
Biochar, organic pollutants, adsorption, wastewater treatment, modification.
Antistatic Performance and Improvement Strategies of Polymers
Electrostatic discharge poses significant threats to industrial production. These hazards include explosions, electronic malfunctions and equipment damage. In order to address the issue, this study focuses on mechanisms of formation of electrostatic discharge, how antistatic properties work, and feasible tactics to enhance antistatic performances of polymers. This study focuses on the electrostatic electrification mechanism which can be quantified using tunneling effect and core antistatic mechanisms including hydrophilic conductive mechanism alongside conductive network mechanism. Furthermore, related methods tackling this problem including but not limited to conductive fillers blending with bulk polymers are discussed. Electrostatic electrification mechanism is explained in terms of electron transfer, ion transfer and mechanical reactions plus material transfer. Key mechanisms, especially hydrophilic conductive mechanism and conductive network mechanism, contribute to enhanced antistatic properties of materials. This article discusses the two main solutions in detail, analyzing their pros and cons to show their effectiveness and customizable modification. Meanwhile, the challenges in durability and other aspects are also discussed. This provides valuable insights into industrializing efficient and green new means of improving antistatic properties.
Polymers, antistatic, conductive fillers.
Modification Strategies and Applications of Poly (ethylene oxide)-Based Solid-State Electrolytes
The need for high-performance power batteries in the new energy vehicle sector is growing as a result of the global energy transition and the pursuit of carbon neutrality targets. Because organic electrolytes are inherently flammable and prone to leak, conventional lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes have serious safety and energy density issues. All-solid-state lithium batteries are seen as a breakthrough for next-generation energy storage technologies because of their inherent safety and potentially high energy density. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have garnered a lot of interest as a crucial element among these. With its distinct molecular structure, remarkable ability to dissociate lithium salts, and outstanding processability, poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) has become the most promising solid polymer electrolyte material for industrialization. However, the limited electrochemical stability window, low room-temperature ionic conductivity, and inadequate mechanical strength of PEO-based electrolytes prevent their widespread use. With a focus on three main areas—improving mechanical strength, expanding the electrochemical window, and enhancing ionic conductivity, this review highlights the state of research on PEO-based solid polymer electrolytes, evaluates their benefits and drawbacks, and suggest ways to modify them to overcome these obstacles. Lastly, the development tendencies of solid polymer electrolytes based on PEO are examined.
All-solid-state batteries, solid polymer electrolytes, poly (ethylene oxide), modification strategies.
Synthetic Strategies in the Preparation of Osimertinib
Osimertinib is an oral small molecule epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is mainly used clinically for the treatment of lung cancer. Lung cancer, as the cancer with the highest incidence and mortality rate in China, has a huge market demand for therapeutic drugs. However, the traditional synthetic process route has a low yield and serious pollution. In recent years, the development of new synthetic routes has become a research hotspot. This article mainly focuses on the synthesis of Osimertinib, with an emphasis on three aspects. This study examines the different synthetic routes of Osimertinib, comparing their efficiency and applicability. It also explores the novel catalysts which can be used in the synthesis process. Moreover, the derivatives of Osimertinib are also explored. By evaluating each synthetic route, this work aims to offer a strategic roadmap for future research endeavors and provide new ideas for the research on the synthetic process of this drug.
Osimertinib, organic synthesis, catalyst.
Nano-filler Reinforced Phase Change Composites: A Pathway to Next-Generation Thermal Regulation
The rapid development of new energy vehicles and the increasing demand for high-performance batteries highlighted the urgency of efficient battery heat dissipation. This paper aimed to systematically study how various nano-fillers, including metal-based, metal oxide-based and emerging nanomaterium-based NePCM, enhanced the heat dissipation performance of phase change materials. Through in-depth research on the application cases of different NePCM in the thermal management system of new energy vehicle batteries, and a comprehensive comparative analysis of their thermal conductivity, stability and cost-effectiveness, the practical application effect was evaluated. The results showed that each type of nanomaterials had unique advantages: metal-based fillers exhibited high thermal conductivity, while emerging nanomaterials demonstrated potential for multifunctional performance. However, they also faced challenges such as cost and compatibility. Based on these findings, practical suggestions for optimizing the application of NePCM were proposed, which could guide the development of more efficient battery heat dissipation solutions.
new energy vehicles, NePCM, battery heat dissipationr.
The Application of Nanomaterials in Lithium-ion Battery Separators
With the rapid development of electric vehicles and smart grids, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as key energy storage devices, face the demand for improved safety. The traditional polyolefin separator has problems like insufficient thermal stability and poor interfacial compatibility, which have become a technical bottleneck for the development of high-energy-density batteries. This study aims to enhance the thermal stability and electrochemical performance of LIBs separators through nanomaterial modification strategies, providing solutions for developing next-generation high-safety batteries. This paper first introduces the basic functional requirements of LIBs separators and the performance limitations of traditional materials, focusing on the key issues of the shrinking behavior of PE/PP separators at high temperatures and their electrolyte wettability. Then, it explores three types of nano-modification methods: PVDF-based materials improving interfacial properties through polar groups, ceramic nano-coatings significantly enhancing thermal stability, and metal nanomaterials optimizing ion transport kinetics (with a 4C capacity retention rate of 84.3%). Finally, it analyzes the relationship between nanostructure parameters and the macro-properties of separators and reveals the mechanism of uniform Li⁺ deposition through synchronous radiation techniques. This research provides theoretical guidance for the design of high-safety LIBs separators. It has essential reference significance for the development of new energy storage devices such as solid-state batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries, separator, nanomaterials.
Nanostructured Frontiers: Enabling Next-Generation All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries
There is a growing need for energy storage solutions with high energy density and high safety due to the quick growth of smart grids and electric cars. Although traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries have been commercialized, their energy density is close to the theoretical limit, and there are safety hazards such as electrolyte leakage and flammability. In contrast, all-solid-state lithium-ion-batteries (ASSLIBs) with non-combustible solid electrolytes can completely eliminate the risk of thermal runaway, making them the core direction of the next-generation energy storage technology. However, issues including the development of lithium dendrites and the high interfacial impedance between the solid electrolyte and the electrode have made it difficult to commercialize. This paper systematically reviews the key roles and design strategies of nanomaterials in the positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte of ASSLIBs. Through size effect, high specific surface area and controllable interface characteristics, nanomaterials provide innovative solutions for optimizing ion transport, suppressing volume expansion and enhancing interface stability. Research shows that nanotechnology significantly enhances the energy density, cycle life and fast charging performance of ASSLIBs through material nanoscale, composite structure design and interface optimization. In the future, through the integration of multi-disciplinary technologies and innovation in preparation processes, nanomaterials are expected to promote the commercial application of ASSLIBs in fields such as electric vehicles, and become the core technology of high-safety, high-energy-density energy storage technologies of the future.
All-solid-state lithium-ion-batteries; nanomaterial; nanotechnology.
Design Strategies of Silicon-Based Anode Composites for Enhanced Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as a key energy storage technology as the world rapidly moves toward renewable energy and electric transportation. The rather limited capacity (372 mAh/g) of the conventional graphite anodes hinders its application in high-energy-density and fast-charging systems. Silicon-based anode materials, which possess an ultrahigh theoretical capacity (4200 mAh/g) and are rich in resources, offer a promising alternative. Nevertheless, the severe volume expansion of more than 300 % during cycling has brought structural degradation and a rapid decline in capacity. This review focuses on the design of silicon-based composite anode materials, methodically reviewing current developments in ceramic-reinforced systems like Si/TiN hybrids, carbon-based composites including core-shell structures and porous networks, and nanostructures. Studies show that carbon frameworks can effectively cushion volume changes and boost conductivity, while ceramic phases enhance the interfacial stability and restrain electrolyte decomposition. Despite notable improvements in cycle life and energy density, challenges still remain in terms of scalable manufacturing costs and complex synthesis procedures. Future research needs to place emphasis on balancing the silicon content with stability, working on the development of cost-effective synthesis methods, and devising multifunctional interfaces. Tackling these issues will speed up the commercialization of high-energy, long-cycle-life LIBs, thereby pushing forward the global endeavors towards carbon neutrality.
Lithium-ion battery; silicon-based anode material; composite material.
Research and Reflections on the Safety of Automotive Lithium-ion Batteries
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of safety challenges in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) and proposes mitigation strategies to address these risks. Li-ion batteries, while pivotal for EVs adoption due to their high energy density and efficiency, face critical safety concerns such as thermal runaway, mechanical deformation, and electrochemical instability. Thermal runaway—triggered by mechanical collisions, electrical abuse (overcharging, over-discharging), or internal short circuits—remains the most severe hazard, often leading to fires or explosions through exothermic reactions, electrolyte decomposition, and gas release. Mechanical failures, including structural damage from crashes or vibration, exacerbate risks by inducing internal short circuits and heat accumulation. Current safety measures emphasize advanced battery management systems (BMS) for real-time voltage, current, and thermal monitoring, alongside thermal management systems (TMS) utilizing liquid cooling, phase-change materials, and micro heat pipe arrays to enhance heat dissipation. Material innovations, such as flame-retardant additives, solid-state electrolytes, and silicon anodes, aim to reduce flammability and dendrite formation. Structural protections, including reinforced housings and optimized cell-to-pack designs, further improve crash resilience. Future directions highlight AI-driven fault prediction, in-situ diagnostics, solid-state battery development, and sustainable recycling methods. This study underscores the necessity of multidisciplinary approaches integrating electrochemistry, mechanical engineering, and data analytics to advance battery safety, ensuring EVs meet rigorous reliability standards and foster public confidence in sustainable transportation.
battery safety, lithium battery, electric vehicles.
Review of Carbon High Storage Efficient Material in Hydrogen Storage for New Energy Vehicles
With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, research on efficient hydrogen storage materials has become a top priority. This article reviews the hydrogen storage mechanisms, performance, challenges, and future trends of three materials: graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Graphene theoretically boasts an extremely high specific surface area and hydrogen storage capacity, but it is limited by the weak van der Waals forces among the material and hydrogen molecules; CNTs achieve ideal functionalities through functionalization at a low cost, but they have poor solubility, and the modified structures may have defects; porous structure of MOFs could be designed, showing great potential as hydrogen storage materials at room temperature, but they have very poor stability and are also expensive. Combining these materials, retaining their advantages while addressing their shortcomings might be an excellent solution.
Application of Nano-Silicon Based Materials in Anode of Lithium Ion Battery
As a fundamental element in advanced energy storage systems, the characteristics of lithium-ion battery anode materials critically determine overall cell performance. While conventional graphite anodes with limited theoretical capacity (372 mAh/g) struggle to meet high energy density requirements, silicon-based materials boasting an exceptional theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g have emerged as promising alternatives. Nevertheless, practical implementation faces significant challenges due to structural degradation and interface instability induced by over 300% volumetric expansion during lithiation/delithiation processes. This review comprehensively examines nano-engineered silicon materials for anode applications, with particular emphasis on three principal configurations: silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs), silicon nanowires (Si-NWs), and porous/networked silicon structures-analyzing their defining characteristics, fundamental properties, and recent technological advancements. Comparative studies of silicon nanomaterials with distinct microstructures reveal their respective merits and limitations. Experimental evidence demonstrates that nanostructuring effectively enhances electrochemical performance. Although current research remains confined to laboratory-scale exploration, these findings establish valuable technical foundations for future commercial-scale production.
lithium-ion battery, anode, nanotechnology, Si-NPs, Si-NWs, porous/networked silicon.
Metal-Organic Frameworks for Next-Generation Lithium-Based Batteries: From Molecular Design to System Integration
The growing need for green power, particularly for electric vehicle, is driving up the need for high-energy-dense, safe, and life-extending lithium batteries. But the problem of the growth of lithium dendrites, the formation of the polysulfides, and the instability of the interface have hampered their actual use. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), which are characterized by varying porosity, rich activation sites, and a variety of structures, have been proposed as a transition material to overcome those constraints. In this paper, MOFs are used in the next generation lithium-ion batteries, including lithium, lithium sulfur, and lithium air, with emphasis on their functions as electrodes, separators, and electrolyte modifiers. MOFs enhance ion transport uniformity, suppress dendrite formation, and improve redox kinetics through customized pore structures and conductive frameworks. The composite materials and derived materials derived from MOFs further demonstrate excellent cycling stability and high capacity. Despite the progress made, scalability and cost remain challenges, thus requiring strategies such as low-cost metal substitution and simplified synthesis. Future efforts should prioritize improving conductivity, mechanical robustness, and compatibility with industrial processes. By utilizing the multifunctionality and structural adaptability of MOFs, this work highlights their potential to achieve safer and higher performance lithium batteries, accelerating the transition to sustainable electric vehicle technology.
Metal-organic frameworks, lithium-based batteries, structural design, dendrite suppression, energy storage.